Several Cities in Iran Hit by Air Pollution and Dust Storms
Air Pollution Emergency in Three Iranian Provinces
According to media reports, air quality in the provinces of Khuzestan, Isfahan, and Razavi Khorasan has reached a red-level warning. Isfahan has been deprived of clean air for the twentieth consecutive day, and 17 cities in Khuzestan are experiencing unhealthy air. In all urban areas of Mashhad, air quality has been reported as unhealthy for all population groups.
Official sources announced that on Sunday, October 12, air quality in more than 20 cities across Iran reached purple, red, and orange alert levels — classified as hazardous, unhealthy for all groups, or unhealthy for sensitive groups. The reports attributed most of the pollution to dust particles and fine particulate matter.
Execution of Inhumane Sentence of Finger Amputation of a Prisoner in Iran
The inhumane sentence of amputating four fingers from the right hand of a prisoner named Mohsen Ashiri was carried out in Isfahan Central Prison (Dastgerd Prison), despite the plaintiff’s consent to drop the charges.
The sentence of amputating four fingers of Mohsen Ashiri, a 37-year-old prisoner from Zazaran and resident of Isfahan, was carried out on Tuesday, September 30, at Dastgerd Prison.
Mohsen Ashiri was arrested six years ago on charges of theft. The Isfahan Criminal Court sentenced him to six months in prison and the amputation of four fingers from his right hand.
UN Report: Iran’s Regime Guilty of Mass Executions and RepressionAfter serving his prison term, Mohsen was released from prison with the complainant’s consent and by posting bail of 1 billion tomans (approximately 10 billion rials or 10,000 dollars). However, in September, the court summoned him again and announced that he must increase his bail to 200 billion tomans. The clerical judiciary declared that otherwise, the sentence of finger amputation would be carried out. Due to his inability to provide the 200 billion toman bail, Mohsen Ashiri was re-arrested and transferred to Dastgerd Prison. Less than a month later, the inhumane sentence of amputating his fingers was carried out.
Amputation of Mohsen Ashiri’s Fingers Despite Plaintiff’s Consent
It is worth noting that such inhumane punishments, like amputating the fingers of theft convicts, are carried out under Iran’s regime while reports of massive corruption and embezzlement by regime insiders constantly appear in state-run newspapers and news outlets. The goal is to intimidate society and suppress any awakened human conscience. Previously, on June 10, the fingers of two other prisoners were also amputated in Isfahan Prison by order of the regime’s judiciary. Amnesty International reacted to this inhumane act, warning that such punishments constitute clear examples of “state torture” and “gross violations of human dignity.”Lawmakers and Dignitaries Gather in London to Condemn Iran’s Execution Surge and Back NCRI’s Democratic Alternative
LONDON, October 11, 2025 — At Church House Westminster, lawmakers, human rights advocates, and international dignitaries convened for a major conference marking the World Day Against the Death Penalty. The event, organized by the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), focused on Iran’s alarming execution record and amplified support for the democratic vision of NCRI President-elect Maryam Rajavi.
Speakers from the UK, Europe, and Latin America condemned Iran’s clerical regime, describing it as a “monster of death” and “capital punishment capital of the world.” Many invoked the rallying cry “No to the Shah, no to the mullahs,” while highlighting the NCRI’s Ten-Point Plan for a free, secular republic.
Rajavi’s Call for Justice In her keynote, Maryam Rajavi denounced the regime’s reliance on executions, warning that over 1,200 people had been killed in the first nine months of 2025 — the highest figure in nearly four decades. She described executions of PMOI (People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran) supporters such as Behrouz Ehsani and Mehdi Hassani, and the death of political prisoner Somayeh Rashidi, as “murders committed under the guise of law.” “The same criminals who ordered that genocide,” she said of the 1988 massacre, “are today in charge of the judiciary, the intelligence apparatus, and the presidency.” Rejecting both monarchy and theocracy, she declared, “No to the Shah, no to the mullahs — no to all forms of dictatorship,” while presenting her Ten-Point Plan for a secular republic grounded in equality, justice, and abolition of the death penalty. Support from International Figures Baroness O’Loan revealed a declaration signed by over 500 dignitaries calling for accountability. “Every three and a half hours, a person is executed in Iran,” she said, urging the UK and UN to refer atrocities to the International Criminal Court. Former Colombian senator Ingrid Betancourt described the conference as “a hall of conscience,” calling executions “an instrument of barbarism.” Praising political prisoner Maryam Akbari Monfared as “the conscience of Iran,” she insisted, “The MEK is not just a political movement. It is a moral force.” John Bercow, former Speaker of the UK Parliament, branded Iran’s rulers a “fascist state” and condemned their celebration of the 1988 massacre as “bigotry on an industrial scale.” Echoing the crowd, he said: “No to the Shah, no to the mullahs — yes to democracy, rule of law, and gender equality.” Italian Senator Giulio Terzi called Tehran “the heinous champion in hanging its people” and urged the IRGC’s immediate designation as a terrorist group, insisting, “Neither with the mullahs nor with the Shah. There is a third option — the NCRI and its Ten-Point Plan.” Former UN Special Rapporteur Javaid Rehman warned executions in Iran had reached “shocking and unprecedented proportions,” stressing the need for international accountability mechanisms. Dame Theresa Villiers, former UK Cabinet minister, said “every right-thinking person should be repulsed” by Iran’s executions and assassinations abroad, citing 15 assassination attempts in Britain since 2022. She urged renewed sanctions and IRGC proscription. Irish Senator Gerard Craughwell declared, “Executions in Iran are not justice — they are murders,” comparing Iran’s struggle to Ireland’s own fight for independence. “Just as Ireland became a Republic, so will Iran,” he said. Voices from the Resistance Dowlat Nowrouzi, NCRI’s UK representative, noted 39,000 anti-regime activities carried out by Resistance Units last year. “Our option is the third option — Madam Rajavi’s plan for democratic change,” she stressed. Massoud Zabeti, representing the Iranian community, cited a statement from 35 transatlantic dignitaries warning of Tehran’s “death and terror” exported abroad. “Your time is up,” he told the regime. Young Iranians also gave powerful testimonies. Rosa Zarei honored her father and aunt, victims of executions. Teacher Azadeh Hosseini recalled relatives persecuted by both the Shah and the clerics, insisting, “No to Shah, no to Mullahs — yes to freedom.” Law student Neda Zabeti, who lost five relatives, urged Western governments to “end their silence.” Dr. Omid Ebrahimi praised Iran’s Resistance Units as “the rebellious youth who dare to say no to dictatorship and yes to freedom,” while Rana Rahmanfard called nearly 2,000 executions this year alone “intolerable,” urging concrete action in support of the NCRI. A United Call for Action Throughout the conference, the message was consistent: executions in Iran are not justice, but political weapons. The speakers demanded international accountability, sanctions on regime leaders, recognition of the NCRI, and global solidarity with the Iranian people. “Freedom and democracy will not be granted by tyrants,” Rajavi declared. “They will be earned by the courage of our people, the Resistance Units inside Iran, and the unity of the international community that stands with them.”Stop Executions in Iran: Join Us on the World Day Against the Death Penaltyhttps://t.co/paUoKbbD4S
— Iran Focus (@Iran_Focus) October 11, 2025
Iranian Workers Cannot Afford Even One Gram of Gold with Their Monthly Minimum Wage
The price of one gram of gold in Iran has increased by more than 11,600% in just one decade, reaching over 111.4 million rials (approximately $97). Based on this, the monthly minimum wage for workers covered by Iran’s labor law is not even enough to buy one gram of gold.
The state-run Khabar Online website reported on Saturday, October 11, that the average price of one gram of gold in October 2015 was 950,000 rials (approximately $0.82).
The outlet added, “The minimum wage for workers covered by the law in 2015 was 7.12 million rials (approximately $6.1), which was equivalent to the value of 7.4 grams of gold that year.”
Iranian Workers’ Wages Have Fallen By 261% In Less Than Ten YearsIn contrast, the current minimum monthly wage is 103 million rials (around $90), which, at best, is enough to purchase only 0.9 grams of gold. According to Khabar Online, while the price of gold in Iran has risen by 11,600% over the past decade, the minimum wage during the same period has only grown by about 1,345%. The minimum wage for workers covered by the labor law is determined annually by the Supreme Labor Council, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. According to two clauses in Article 41 of Iran’s labor law, the minimum monthly wage of workers must be determined based on the inflation rate and the cost of living for a worker’s household. Nevertheless, independent labor activists and unions have consistently pointed out that the Supreme Labor Council ignores the second clause when approving wage decisions. The state-run ILNA news agency wrote on October 7, referring to the devaluation of the national currency and the government’s “wage suppression” policies: “While the value of the dollar has jumped by an astonishing 33.5 times, the minimum wage approved by the Supreme Labor Council has increased only a little more than tenfold, from 8.12 million rials (about $7) in 2016 to about 104 million rials (around $91) this year.” ILNA added, “The minimum wage for workers, excluding benefits, is only $91 this year. Even if we include all general wage benefits, it might reach around $110.” The minimum wage for workers covered by the labor law, including benefits, is about 150 million rials (approximately $130). According to labor media and trade unions, this wage and its accompanying benefits are not paid to hundreds of thousands of workers employed in small, informal workshops that are not covered by the labor law. Khabar Online further wrote, “The lightning-fast rise in gold prices over just 10 years has made this investment commodity unattainable for Iranian households.” According to the report, the rise in gold prices has been driven by two factors: the increase in the domestic dollar exchange rate and the significant rise in global gold prices. In recent weeks, runaway inflation and rising foreign exchange rates have heightened concerns over Iran’s worsening economic situation—a trend that has intensified following the reactivation of the UN “snapback” mechanism and the reinstatement of UN sanctions against Tehran.
UN Fact-Finding Mission Expresses Concern over Unprecedented Rise in Executions in Iran
On the World Day Against the Death Penalty, the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on Iran expressed grave concern over the shocking surge in executions, announcing that, according to reliable information, Iran’s regime has executed more than 1,000 people since the beginning of 2025.
In a statement the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) announced the number of executions carried out over the past year as follows:
“Over the past year (from October 1, 2024, to September 30, 2025), the religious fascism ruling Iran has recorded a bloody and unprecedented record of cruelty and crime. During this period, the execution of 1,654 prisoners was documented across 31 provinces, representing a 2.3-fold increase compared to the same period the previous year (with 851 executions), and a 2.8-fold increase compared to the year before that (with 693 executions).”
On 89th Week, ‘No to Execution Tuesdays’ Campaign Expands with Hunger Strike in 52 Iranian PrisonsNCRI also reported that the number of executions in 2025 (March was 1,200: “The number of executions in the first nine months of 2025 reaches at least 1,200. This is while in 2024, a total of 1,001 prisoners were executed. The number of executions during Masoud Pezeshkian’s tenure has reached 1,892. This figure represents the highest annual number of executions in Iran in at least the past fifteen years. According to the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission, many of those executed had been sentenced to death on charges such as “espionage.” Last week, Iran’s regime Guardian Council approved a law expanding the application of the death penalty to vaguely defined crimes under the label of “espionage.” The UN Fact-Finding Mission warned that this legislation could dramatically accelerate the pace of executions in Iran. In its previous report, the UN Fact-Finding Mission emphasized that executions in Iran are part of a widespread and systematic attack against citizens who demanded rights and equality during the 2022 protests. The Mission also stated that such actions may constitute crimes against humanity and could entail individual criminal responsibility for those involved, including judges who issued arbitrary death sentences. In its latest statement, the UN Fact-Finding Mission once again urged the authorities of Iran’s regime to immediately halt all executions as a first step toward the complete abolition of the death penalty. The statement also calls on the Iranian regime to commute all death sentences to other penalties and to immediately release all individuals sentenced to death arbitrarily and solely for exercising their human rights, including the rights to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression. The UN Fact-Finding Mission also urged other countries to use all available diplomatic and legal tools, including investigation and prosecution under the principle of universal jurisdiction where appropriate, to hold accountable those responsible for the widespread violation of the fundamental right to life in Iran.
Iranian Regime FM: Tehran Will Never Join the Abraham Accords
Abbas Araghchi, the foreign minister of Iran’s regime, declared that the Abraham Accords are “incompatible” with the “ideals” of the Iranian regime and that Tehran will never join any peace agreements with Israel.
On the evening of Saturday, October 11, Araghchi, in an interview with the state-run IRINN, referred to recent remarks by U.S. President Donald Trump regarding the possibility of Iran joining the Abraham Accords and normalizing relations with Israel, saying, “Trump usually expresses what he is interested in, in different forms.”
He also described the Abraham peace agreements as “treacherous.”
Narcotics Iran Regime’s Income Source for TerrorismOn September 29, during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Trump had expressed hope that Tehran would one day join the agreement. Officials of Iran’s regime had previously also rejected the Abraham peace agreement. The foreign minister of Iran’s regime continued the interview by expressing support for a ceasefire in Gaza but emphasized that there is “no trust” in Israel regarding such efforts. Araghchi accused Israel of violating past ceasefire agreements, including those in Lebanon, and said, “We have issued the necessary warnings.” He added that Tehran has always supported any initiative or measure aimed at halting the war in Gaza. Referring to the first stage of the Gaza ceasefire—entailing the cessation of military operations and initial withdrawal of Israeli forces—Araghchi said that “more than 50% of Gaza’s territory is still occupied” by the Israeli army. He stressed the regime’s “constant support” for “the resistance and the people of Palestine.”
Australian Government Introduces Bill to Designate IRGC As Terrorist Organization
Araghchi: Trump’s Interpretation Is His Own Concern
Regarding Trump’s comments about Tehran’s support for the Gaza ceasefire plan, Araghchi said, “The interpretation that Mr. Trump has made of the foreign ministry’s statement and Iran’s position is his own concern.” He continued, “We are straightforward; we have supported the part of the ceasefire plan that relates to stopping the crimes.” Earlier, Trump had stated that Iranian regime officials had supported his peace plan.Talks Between the Iranian Regime and the U.S.
In the same interview, Araghchi addressed the issue of negotiations with Washington, stating, “We have not sent any message to the United States, and no negotiations have taken place.” He added, “In the past, the United States also tried to combine regional issues with nuclear negotiations, but we have always firmly stated that our talks have been and will remain solely about the nuclear issue.” Araghchi noted, “At no time, either in the past or recently, have we negotiated with the United States or any other party about non-nuclear issues, particularly regarding the resistance.” “The Axis of Resistance” is a term used by Iranian regime officials and media to refer to armed groups backed by Tehran in the region, such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hezbollah, the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), and the Houthis. The Iranian regime’s foreign minister also announced the suspension of the Cairo agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), saying that this agreement “has lost its effectiveness.” Araghchi continued, “If the IAEA has any inspection request, it will be reviewed by the Supreme National Security Council according to parliamentary law… Some of our cooperation with the Agency benefits us, such as the presence of inspectors for refueling the Bushehr power plant or at the Tehran research reactor.” He also addressed the return of United Nations sanctions against Tehran, saying that no reports have yet been received regarding inspections of Iranian ships, but “if such a matter occurs, we will definitely respond in kind.”Washington Sanctions 26 Companies Linked To Tehran, Including U.S. Chipmaker Subsidiaries
The U.S. government sanctioned more than 20 companies in China, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates, including several subsidiaries of an American semiconductor manufacturer, for “illegally supporting” Iran’s regime military forces and its proxy groups.
On October 8, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced that two subsidiaries of the American company Arrow Electronics, based in China and Hong Kong, have been added to the “Entity List” of sanctioned organizations.
Reward For Disrupting Iran’s Oil Sanctions Evasion NetworkThe decision was made due to their role in facilitating the purchase of American technologies for Iran’s regime proxy forces in the region. According to the BIS, which oversees U.S. exports, a total of 26 companies and three new addresses have been added to the sanctions list. U.S. President Donald Trump, after returning to the White House, has once again placed the “maximum pressure” strategy at the center of his policy toward Iran’s regime, imposing extensive sanctions on Tehran. This approach aims to curb Iran’s regional activities, prevent progress in its nuclear program, and weaken its proxy militias.
Reason Behind the New U.S. Department of Commerce Sanctions
The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that analysis of the remains of drones shot down in the Middle East since 2017, used by Tehran’s proxy forces, revealed that some American-made electronic components—including products from Arrow Electronics and its subsidiaries—had been used in these drones. According to the department, these components were identified after examining the wreckage of drones in Gulf and Middle Eastern countries. The United States first considered imposing sanctions on Arrow Electronics in 2020. At that time, it was suspected that one of the company’s Asian subsidiaries had provided certain technologies to foreign military entities. However, Arrow denied the allegations at the time, stating that its subsidiary had no involvement in any military-related activities. Among the companies listed in the new sanctions, five were added after analyzing the remains of drones belonging to Hamas. These drones were intercepted and shot down by the Israeli military’s defense systems during the deadly October 7 attack. According to the department, American-made components found in the wreckage of Hamas drones had reached the group through the sanctioned companies. From now on, U.S. companies are prohibited from selling goods or technologies to these sanctioned entities without government authorization.Trail Of A Helicopter Parts Supply Network For Iran’s Regime Spanning The U.S., UAE, Portugal, And Sweden
Last week, the United States sanctioned a transnational network for its involvement in a multi-year scheme aimed at supplying spare helicopter parts—and even a complete U.S.-made helicopter—to the armed forces of Iran’s regime.
In 2024, the U.S. government had also targeted several individuals involved in the same scheme through a civil forfeiture case.
Since then, the Haroon Research Institute began investigating the helicopter parts supply network serving Iran’s regime.
EU Sanctions Hossein Shamkhani: A Blow to the Oil and Weapons Network of Iran’s Regime and RussiaThe complaint associated with the forfeiture case shows that this network used intermediaries in Western Europe, a coordinator in Dubai, and a series of international transactions to conceal its ultimate destination—the Iranian regime’s armed forces. The new U.S. sanctions list does not directly name one of the main suppliers based in New Jersey; however, Haroon’s investigation indicates that some helicopter components produced by this company were sent not only to Iran’s military-industrial sector but also to firms tied to Russia’s military structure. The new U.S. sanctions, announced on October 1 following the reactivation of UN sanctions, represent Washington’s latest step to restrict Iran’s regime military supply chains.
Links Between “Pasargad Parvaz Kish” and Two Companies Based in Uruguay and Portugal
The U.S. Department of the Treasury identified the Iranian company Pasargad Parvaz Kish and its CEO, Mehdi Shirazi Shayesteh—active in Iran and Germany—as key figures in this network. The state-owned Iran Helicopter Support and Renewal Company (PANHA) repeatedly requested helicopters and spare parts from Pasargad Parvaz Kish, which fulfilled these orders through a transnational procurement network. The ownership structure of Pasargad Parvaz Kish is directly linked to Iran’s regime sanctioned financial networks. Among its shareholders is Arzesh Afarinan Pasargad, the investment arm of Bank Pasargad, which has already been blacklisted by Washington. In addition to Iran, the supply network included several intermediaries and facilitators in Turkey, Portugal, and Germany—all of whom have now been sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury. One of the key figures in this network is Amir Hossein Salimi, an Iranian partner of Shirazi Shayesteh and the CEO of “Perfect D” based in Uruguay. According to the civil forfeiture case, Shirazi Shayesteh and Salimi agreed in May 2021 to launch a joint project in Portugal using their companies. They identified an existing business owned by a Portuguese citizen, Antonio Mira, and renamed it “Business United Unipessoal LDA.” According to the complaint, their first move was to purchase a U.S.-made helicopter. Business United initially bought the helicopter, then transferred it to Perfect D, which ultimately delivered it to Pasargad Parvaz Kish.Role of a U.S. Company in Supplying Helicopter Parts to Iran’s Regime
Cobra International, based in Union City, New Jersey, describes itself on its official website as a supplier and exporter of spare parts and services for both military and civilian sectors. According to the civil forfeiture case, between 2021 and 2023, Business United conducted about seven transactions with Cobra International on behalf of Pasargad Parvaz Kish and, in late 2023, wired $209,000 to Cobra to purchase a second-hand helicopter engine. Court documents also reveal that Cobra purchased this engine from a Chinese company. According to the Haroon Institute, in 2022, Cobra sold helicopter parts worth $54,500 to Business United, but the latter requested that the shipment be sent to Nordic Air and Heli Invest in Sweden. After the shipment arrived in Sweden, a company called Aviation Network transferred the parts to Pasargad Parvaz Kish in Iran.Western Efforts to Target Sanctions-Evasion Networks
The helicopter parts supply network, relying on multilayered intermediaries, brokers in third countries, and seemingly legitimate front companies in Western Europe, illustrates the growing complexity of illicit chains that support sanctioned military programs. Washington’s new measures reveal a shifting trend: Western authorities are now focusing not only on end users but also on the facilitators who enable such transactions.$38 Billion In Export Revenues Have Not Yet Returned To Iran
According to official statistics over the past seven years, out of more than $169 billion in exports of refinery, petrochemical, and metal products, over $38 billion has not been repatriated to Iran. The state-run Tasnim news agency noted that steel and copper companies are at the top of the list of violators.
Hossein Samsami, a member of the Economic Committee of Iran’s regime parliament, stated on Thursday, October 9, that based on official statistics, from 2022 to 2025, total exports of refinery, petrochemical, and metal products reached more than $90 billion, but 26.7% of the foreign currency earned from these exports has not returned to Iran.
Iran’s Regime on The Brink of Economic Collapse as Oil Sanctions Close InAccording to him, this figure was around 18% between 2018 and 2022. Previously, the state-run IRNA news agency reported on March 10, 2025, criticizing large companies such as petrochemical firms—most of which are affiliated with regime institutions—for refusing to repatriate their export revenues. The state-run newspaper Farhikhtegan wrote on September 20 that for nearly a decade, one of the major obstacles to the repatriation of export revenues has been the widespread use of “rented trade cards” by individuals or companies. According to Farhikhtegan, these individuals or companies rent commercial cards from others—often impoverished or low-income people—to export goods, and in addition to not returning the export revenues, they also evade paying taxes and other state dues. Tasnim reported that according to official figures, over the past three years, refinery product exports totaled $32.7 billion, of which $8.7 billion—about 26.6%—has not been returned. In the same period, petrochemical exports totaled $24.5 billion, with $2.7 billion—11% of the total—remaining unrepatriated. Meanwhile, metal product exports amounted to $33.7 billion, of which $12.9 billion—38.2%—have not been returned. These statistics were released despite the March 2022 amendment to Iran’s anti-smuggling law, which requires all exporters to repatriate 100% of their export revenues, with noncompliance subject to legal prosecution. The Central Bank and the Currency Repatriation Task Force had previously warned that exporters who fail to meet their currency return commitments would be listed as currency violators and face trade restrictions. Such warnings had been issued before. For instance, the state-run ISNA news agency reported on July 21, 2020, that government bodies warned exporters who fail to repatriate export revenues would face penalties such as “revocation or non-renewal of trade cards, suspension of import registration privileges, denial of facilities and services like the green customs channel, refusal of guarantees, and repayment of customs duties and tariffs.” Authorities also threatened that the Tax Administration would revoke all tax exemptions and incentives for exporters failing to repatriate export revenues. The Central Bank would withhold foreign exchange allocation certificates, and commercial banks would suspend both rial and foreign currency facilities and guarantees for these individuals. Previously, according to Samad Karimi, director of the Export Department of the Central Bank, around $27.5 billion in export revenues had not returned to Iran’s main economic cycle. However, a review of reports from recent years shows that such warnings have been ineffective. As Tasnim notes, the available data indicate a significant gap between the law and the actual rate of currency repatriation.
Iran’s Regime on The Brink of Economic Collapse as Oil Sanctions Close In
Mohsen Paknejad, the oil minister of Iran’s regime, said: “The snapback does not add anything new to previous sanctions,” referring to the UN sanctions that were reinstated on September 28 due to the regime’s lack of cooperation on its nuclear program under the 2015 agreement with world powers. He also noted that so far, 25 sanction packages, including 480 new sanctions, have been imposed on Iran. However, the Iranian regime continues its oil exports to China.
However, data from the oil tanker tracking company Kpler shows that before the activation of the snapback mechanism, Iran was exporting about 1.46 million barrels of crude oil and condensate per day to China, a figure that has since declined.
Iranian Regime Puts Iran’s Oil on Sale in China with Bigger DiscountsAlthough none of the UN Security Council resolutions directly target Iran’s oil exports, their side effects are significant. These include the reinstatement of international sanctions on Iran’s shipping industry, a ban on selling fuel to Iranian tankers, inspections of ships suspected of carrying dual-use goods, and restrictions on financial transactions. The daily charter rate for a foreign oil tanker under normal conditions is about $100,000, whereas the so-called “shadow fleet” tankers charge Iran several times that amount. To conceal the true origin of the oil, these shipments are transferred at least twice from one ship to another.
